Science, Money & War, 1648–1714

AmericaSharedEngland / BritainContinent

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flowchart TB
    C1["1648 · Peace of Westphalia<br/>ends the Thirty Years' War,<br/>Dutch independence recognized"]
    E1["1649 · Charles I 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 executed<br/>England becomes a Commonwealth"]
    S1["1651 · First Navigation Act<br/>aimed at the Dutch carrying trade"]
    E2["1651 · Hobbes 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Leviathan<br/>social contract theory"]
    S2["1652–1654 · ⚔️ First Anglo-Dutch War"]
    E3["1653–1658 · Cromwell 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 rules<br/>as Lord Protector"]
    E4["1655–1656 · Wallis 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, De sectionibus conicis<br/>and Arithmetica Infinitorum<br/>introduces the ∞ symbol"]
    C2["1656 · Huygens 🇳🇱 invents<br/>the pendulum clock"]
    E5["1660 · Restoration of Charles II 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿"]
    E6["1660 · Royal Society founded<br/>royal charter 1662"]
    E7["1662 · Boyle's Law<br/>Robert Boyle 🇮🇪"]
    S3["1664 · English seize New Amsterdam<br/>renamed New York"]
    S4["1665–1667 · ⚔️ Second Anglo-Dutch War<br/>Raid on the Medway;<br/>Treaty of Breda: England keeps<br/>New York, Dutch keep Suriname"]
    E8["1665 · Oldenburg 🇩🇪 launches<br/>Philosophical Transactions"]
    E9["1665 · Hooke 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Micrographia<br/>coins the word cell"]
    E10["1665–1666 · Great Plague of London"]
    E11["1665–1666 · ⭐ Newton 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Annus Mirabilis<br/>fluxions (calculus), binomial<br/>theorem, optics, early gravitation"]
    E12["1666 · Great Fire of London"]
    E13["1668 · Wilkins 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Essay towards<br/>a Real Character and a<br/>Philosophical Language"]
    E14["1668–1669 · Newton 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 builds a reflecting<br/>telescope; becomes Lucasian Professor"]
    S5["1670 · Secret Treaty of Dover<br/>Charles II 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 and Louis XIV 🇫🇷"]
    A1["1670 · Hudson's Bay Company chartered"]
    C3["1672 · Dutch Rampjaar<br/>De Witt brothers 🇳🇱 lynched,<br/>William III 🇳🇱 made stadtholder"]
    S6["1672–1674 · ⚔️ Third Anglo-Dutch War<br/>Dutch retake New York 1673,<br/>returned by Treaty of Westminster"]
    E15["1673 · Test Act<br/>bars Catholics from office"]
    C4["1675 · Leibniz 🇩🇪 develops his calculus<br/>in Paris, first uses ∫"]
    E16["1675 · Royal Observatory, Greenwich<br/>Flamsteed 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 first Astronomer Royal"]
    A2["1675–1676 · King Philip's War"]
    A3["1676 · Bacon's Rebellion, Virginia<br/>led by Nathaniel Bacon 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿"]
    C5["1676 · Rømer 🇩🇰 measures<br/>the speed of light"]
    S7["1676 · Newton's 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Epistola prior and<br/>posterior to Leibniz 🇩🇪 via Oldenburg 🇩🇪<br/>fluxions hidden in an anagram"]
    S8["1677 · William of Orange 🇳🇱<br/>marries Mary Stuart 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿"]
    E17["1678 · Popish Plot<br/>Titus Oates 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿"]
    E18["1679–1681 · Exclusion Crisis<br/>Habeas Corpus Act;<br/>first Whigs and Tories"]
    C6["1682 · Louis XIV 🇫🇷 moves<br/>the court to Versailles"]
    S9["1682 · La Salle 🇫🇷 claims<br/>Louisiana for France"]
    A4["1682 · Penn 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Frame of Government"]
    E19["1683 · Rye House Plot"]
    C7["1683 · Siege of Vienna<br/>Ottomans repulsed by Sobieski 🇵🇱"]
    C8["1684 · Leibniz 🇩🇪, Nova Methodus<br/>first published calculus"]
    E20["1685 · James II 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 succeeds<br/>Monmouth 🇳🇱 Rebellion, Sedgemoor,<br/>Bloody Assizes"]
    C9["1685 · Edict of Fontainebleau<br/>revokes the Edict of Nantes,<br/>Huguenots flee France"]
    A5["1686–1689 · Dominion of New England<br/>under Andros 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿"]
    E21["1687 · ⭐ Newton 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Principia Mathematica<br/>laws of motion and<br/>universal gravitation"]
    S10["1688–1689 · Glorious Revolution<br/>William 🇳🇱 lands at Torbay;<br/>Bill of Rights, Toleration Act"]
    S11["1688–1697 · ⚔️ Nine Years' War<br/>King William's War in America"]
    A6["1689 · Boston revolt overthrows Andros 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿"]
    E22["1689–1690 · Locke 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Two Treatises<br/>of Government and Essay Concerning<br/>Human Understanding"]
    E23["1690 · Battle of the Boyne (Ire.)"]
    A7["1690 · Massachusetts issues<br/>paper money after the<br/>failed Quebec expedition"]
    A8["1692–1693 · Salem witch trials"]
    E24["1694 · Bank of England founded;<br/>Mary II 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 dies"]
    E25["1696 · Great Recoinage<br/>Newton 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 made Warden of the Mint,<br/>Master in 1699"]
    S12["1696–1697 · Johann Bernoulli's 🇨🇭<br/>brachistochrone challenge,<br/>solved anonymously by Newton 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿"]
    S13["1697 · Treaty of Ryswick"]
    S14["1697–1698 · Peter the Great's 🇷🇺<br/>Grand Embassy to Holland and England"]
    S15["1698–1700 · Darien scheme<br/>failed Scottish colony in Panama"]
    E26["1699 · Fatio de Duillier 🇨🇭 accuses<br/>Leibniz 🇩🇪 of plagiarizing Newton 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿"]
    C10["1700 · Berlin Academy founded<br/>Leibniz 🇩🇪 first president"]
    E27["1701 · Act of Settlement<br/>Protestant Hanoverian succession"]
    A9["1701 · Yale founded"]
    S16["1701–1714 · ⚔️ War of the Spanish Succession<br/>Queen Anne's War in America"]
    E28["1702 · William III 🇳🇱 dies;<br/>Queen Anne 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 succeeds"]
    E29["1703 · Hooke 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 dies; Newton 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿<br/>President of the Royal Society"]
    S17["1704 · Battle of Blenheim<br/>Britain captures Gibraltar"]
    A10["1704 · Raid on Deerfield"]
    E30["1704 · Newton 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Opticks<br/>first printed account of his calculus"]
    E31["1705 · Halley 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 predicts his comet<br/>using Newtonian mechanics"]
    E32["1707 · Acts of Union<br/>Kingdom of Great Britain"]
    E33["1711 · South Sea Company founded"]
    E34["1712–1713 · Commercium Epistolicum<br/>Royal Society backs Newton 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿<br/>against Leibniz 🇩🇪 on calculus"]
    S18["1713 · Treaty of Utrecht<br/>Britain gains Gibraltar, Nova Scotia,<br/>Newfoundland, and the Asiento"]
    E35["1713 · Newton's 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Principia second<br/>edition adds the General Scholium"]
    E36["1714 · Longitude Act<br/>prize for finding longitude at sea"]
    S19["1714 · Queen Anne 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 dies<br/>George I 🇩🇪, Elector of Hanover,<br/>becomes King of Great Britain"]
    C11["1714 · Leibniz 🇩🇪, Monadology"]

    C1 --> E1 --> S1 --> E2 --> S2 --> E3 --> E4 --> C2 --> E5 --> E6
    E6 --> E7 --> S3 --> S4 --> E8 --> E9 --> E10 --> E11 --> E12 --> E13
    E13 --> E14 --> S5 --> A1 --> C3 --> S6 --> E15 --> C4 --> E16 --> A2
    A2 --> A3 --> C5 --> S7 --> S8 --> E17 --> E18 --> C6 --> S9 --> A4
    A4 --> E19 --> C7 --> C8 --> E20 --> C9 --> A5 --> E21 --> S10 --> S11
    S11 --> A6 --> E22 --> E23 --> A7 --> A8 --> E24 --> E25 --> S12 --> S13
    S13 --> S14 --> S15 --> E26 --> C10 --> E27 --> A9 --> S16 --> E28 --> E29
    E29 --> S17 --> A10 --> E30 --> E31 --> E32 --> E33 --> E34 --> S18 --> E35
    E35 --> E36 --> S19 --> C11

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